## the sun planet

All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona. A simple model of the motion of a star in the galaxy gives the galactic coordinates X, Y, and Z as: where U, V, and W are the respective velocities with respect to the local standard of rest, A and B are the Oort constants, is the "epicyclic frequency", and ν is the vertical oscillation frequency. [91] The first is wave heating, in which sound, gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone. [174] The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun; Joseph von Fraunhofer recorded more than 600 absorption lines in the spectrum, the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines. With this sequence of emissions and absorptions, it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun's surface. 10 The large power output of the Sun is mainly due to the huge size and density of its core (compared to Earth and objects on Earth), with only a fairly small amount of power being generated per cubic metre. It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus, and render Earth uninhabitable – but not for about five billion years. The Sun's core is about 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius). [80] The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 g/cm3 to 0.2 g/cm3) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii, the top of the radiative zone. In a new study, scientists looked at sunspots at low resolution to simulate a view of distant stars. [120] This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology. [115] [192], All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic, and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail. This then starts the red-giant-branch phase where the Sun will spend around a billion years and lose around a third of its mass. If the glass breaks because of the heat, no light at all is reflected, making the device fail-safe. Solar flares and coronal-mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups. New research indicates less intense, but longer-lasting solar storms surprisingly have bigger effects on satellites’ orbits than the shorter, more severe ones. As such, it has an extremely low average temperature, resting at negative 331 degrees Fahrenheit, and is composed largely of ice and frozen matter. [83] In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized. [60][61] Although significant research was done, until 1978 it was difficult to determine the abundances of some iron-group elements (e.g. He does not lack respect for life. As a star, the Sun is a ball of gas (92.1 percent hydrogen and 7.8 percent helium) held together by its own gravity. Instead it will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant. Electric currents in the Sun generate a magnetic field that is carried out through the solar system by the solar wind—a stream of electrically charged gas blowing outward from the Sun in all directions. The Sun's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity. Without the Sun, then the Earth may be floating endlessly in space. [113], Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance,[114] which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate. 10.00 The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star. Only a very small fraction of the incident light is reflected. The term "sol" with a lower-case 's' is used by planetary astronomers for the duration of a solar day on another planet such as Mars. [216][217], In Proto-Indo-European religion, the Sun was personified as the goddess *Seh2ul. Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years. {\displaystyle X+V/(2B)} This motion of the Sun is mainly due to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs alternates every solar cycle, a phenomenon known as the Hale cycle. It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005. In this layer, the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. First, the core, full of degenerate helium ignites violently in the helium flash, where it is estimated that 6% of the core, itself 40% of the Sun's mass, will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the triple-alpha process. [128][129] As a red giant, the Sun will grow so large that it will engulf Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. NASA Official: [111] The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun. Moonless How to Use the Planet Size Comparison Chart. NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, or SDO, has experienced its first lunar transit of the year. [20] [157] The other is magnetic heating, in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events—nanoflares. At solar-cycle maximum, the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo-cycle minimum strength, but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field, generated through differential rotation within the tachocline, is near its maximum strength. Download here the guide book of the movie. [52] Fusing four free protons (hydrogen nuclei) into a single alpha particle (helium nucleus) releases around 0.7% of the fused mass as energy,[74] so the Sun releases energy at the mass–energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second (which requires 600 metric megatons of hydrogen [75]), for 384.6 yottawatts (3.846×1026 W),[5] or 9.192×1010 megatons of TNT per second. With solar-cycle modulation of sunspot number comes a corresponding modulation of space weather conditions, including those surrounding Earth where technological systems can be affected. The seventh planet from the sun is Uranus. In the New Empire period, the Sun became identified with the dung beetle, whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun. The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun's polar regions. 6 [153], The Sun is moved by the gravitational pull of the planets. The core is therefore shrinking, allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the center and experience a stronger gravitational force, according to the inverse-square law. [125] The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused. 0 The atmospheres of gas giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn will gradually erode under the increased radiation from the Sun. Venus facts → Earth. [80], The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer, the tachocline. = [67] Through most of the Sun's life, energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of nuclear reactions called the p–p (proton–proton) chain; this process converts hydrogen into helium. The Sun's magnetic field spreads throughout the solar system via the solar wind. We call that an orbit. + The Sun has inspired mythological stories in cultures around the world, including those of the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs of Mexico, Native American tribes of North and South America, the Chinese, and many others. [179] In 1920, Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen (protons) into helium nuclei, resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass. Eight planets move around the Sun. As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum, sunspots tend to form closer to the solar equator, a phenomenon known as Spörer's law. These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements. In the overall gloom, the pupil expands from ~2 mm to ~6 mm, and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun. Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometres (864,000 miles), or 109 times that of Earth. [60], Various authors have considered the existence of a gradient in the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases,[64] e.g. [e] However, the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun (limb darkening). [55], The Sun's original chemical composition was inherited from the interstellar medium out of which it formed. [71][72], The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion; 99% of the power is generated within 24% of the Sun's radius, and by 30% of the radius, fusion has stopped nearly entirely. Now as you have asked whether sun is a planet or star …let me explain you the difference between the two . At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities. The structure of the Sun contains the following layers: The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. [63] In 1978, the abundances of singly ionized elements of the iron group were derived. If you're Superman (or a fellow Kryptonian), your powers are heightened by the yellow glow of our Sun, and you can even dispose of dangerous materials like Superboy once did, by hurling them into the Sun. The Apex of the Sun's Way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels relative to other nearby stars. We take X(0) and Y(0) to be zero and Z(0) is estimated to be 17 parsecs. ) 0 The period of the Sun's circulation around the point is Previously, in a process called spontaneous magnetic reconnection, it was observed that the solar magnetic field lines diverge explosively and then converge again instantaneously. Many spacecraft constantly observe the Sun, helping us keep an eye on space weather that can affect satellites and astronauts. Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun's position for many years using a large astrolabe.[171]. The native wit strong Sun in the horoscope makes the native famous. During a total solar eclipse, when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon, parts of the Sun's surrounding atmosphere can be seen. Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians, the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico. ) It is the center of the Solar System and when it comes to its composition, it is a giant ball of plasma, primarily made of hydrogen and helium. [185][186], In the 1970s, two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona. [70] Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from another sequence of fusion reactions called the CNO cycle, though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older. It has not changed dramatically for over four billion[a] years, and will remain fairly stable for more than five billion more. [221], In the Bible, Malachi 4:2 mentions the "Sun of Righteousness" (sometimes translated as the "Sun of Justice"),[222] which some Christians have interpreted as a reference to the Messiah (Christ). In this two planet system, the Sun would rotate around the Sun/Jupiter barycenter about every 4,333 days, but at the same time, it would be rotating around the Sun/Mercury barycenter every 88 days. [168] The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot, Galileo Galilei and other astronomers. [160], However, examination of Archaean sediments appears inconsistent with the hypothesis of high greenhouse concentrations. Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss. 2 The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life. [41] The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles. [155] The orbits of the inner planets, including of the Earth, are similarly displaced by the same graviational forces, so the movement of the Sun has little effect on the relative positions of the Earth and the Sun or on solar irradiance on the Earth as a function of time. In a paper published in Nature Astronomy, researchers report the first ever clear images of nanojets. Now considered the eighth and final planet in the solar system is Neptune, the fourth largest planet with a radius of 15,389 miles (24,766 km). Can’t Stand On It At this time in the Sun's life, they account for 74.9% and 23.8% of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere, respectively. From the Greek helios comes the rare adjective heliac /ˈhiːliæk/. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. In the 1st century AD, Ptolemy estimated the distance as 1,210 times the radius of Earth, approximately 7.71 million kilometers (0.0515 AU).[167]. It is estimated that a further 130 systems within this range have not yet been identified. NASA has selected two SmallSat missions to share a ride to space in 2025 with the agency’s Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe. Cognates appear in other Germanic languages, including West Frisian sinne, Dutch zon, Low German Sünn, Standard German Sonne, Bavarian Sunna, Old Norse sunna and Gothic sunnō. All these words stem from Proto-Germanic *sunnōn. On Oct. 16, 2020, the Moon photobombed NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory’s view of the Sun. [143] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone. The planets in order from the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and finally the dwarf planet Pluto.. Many adventures are yet to come. [86], During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere, some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth. It is the nearest star to the earth .. ) [65], Prior to 1983, it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere. Originally it would have contained about 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% heavier elements. Instead, the moderate temperature range may be explained by a lower surface albedo brought about by less continental area and the lack of biologically induced cloud condensation nuclei. For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field, with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator, a thin current sheet is formed in the solar wind. It is 149 million km far from Earth yet its influence is most profound on human being compared to other planets. [44] Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith. A or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit. Utu was regarded as a helper-deity, who aided those in distress, and, in iconography, he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw, which represented his role as the dispenser of justice. The Sun has so much mass that it accounts for 99.86% of the mass in the solar system. [67] It has a density of up to 150 g/cm3[68][69] (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvin (K). [214][215] Utu was regarded as a helper-deity, who aided those in distress,[214] and, in iconography, he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw,[214] which represented his role as the dispenser of justice. In December 2004, the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause. [147] This model implies that the Sun circulates around a point that is itself going around the galaxy. Many spacecraft constantly observe the Sun, helping us keep an eye on space weather that can affect satellites and astronauts. Forced Magnetic Reconnection was similar, but it was triggered by an explosion in the corona. The low corona, near the surface of the Sun, has a particle density around 1015 m−3 to 1016 m−3. [93] At great distances, the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an Archimedean spiral structure called the Parker spiral. Kid-Friendly Sun κ In its core the Sun currently fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second, converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result. The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth. {\displaystyle 2\pi /\kappa } Herschel wedges, also called Solar Diagonals, are effective and inexpensive for small telescopes. [194], The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission was launched in October 2006. [93], The heliosphere, the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun, is filled with the solar wind plasma. B Most Massive Amazing courage is seen inside the native. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change, then, in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.[109][110]. What We See 5 As a result, an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun's photosphere above. Scientists have developed a new model that predicted seven out of nine of the Sun’s biggest recent flares. The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere,[95][96] forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape,[93] until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun. 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